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Volvariella bombycina
''Volvariella bombycina'', commonly known as the silky sheath, silky rosegill, silver-silk straw mushroom, or tree mushroom, is a species of edible mushroom in the family Pluteaceae. It is an uncommon but widespread species, having been reported from Asia, Australia, the Caribbean, Europe, and North America. The fruit body (mushroom) begins developing in a thin, egg-like sac. This ruptures and the stem expands quickly, leaving the sac at the base of the stem as a volva. The cap, which can attain a diameter of up to , is white to slightly yellowish and covered with silky hairs. On the underside of the cap are closely spaced gills, free from attachment to the stem, and initially white before turning pink as the spores mature. The mushroom grows singly or in clusters, often appearing in old knotholes and wounds in elms and maples. ''V. bombycina'' contains compounds with antibacterial properties.
== Taxonomy ==
The species was first described in 1774 by German naturalist Jacob Christian Schäffer as ''Agaricus bombycinus''. Throughout its taxonomical history, it has been shuffled to several genera, including ''Pluteus'' (by Elias Fries in 1836〔), ''Volvaria'' (Paul Kummer, 1871〔), and ''Volvariopsis'' (William Alphonso Murrill, 1911〔).〔 Rolf Singer placed it in its current genus, ''Volvariella'', in 1951.〔 Other names that have been applied to the species include Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's ''Amanita calyptrata''〔 and August Johann Georg Karl Batsch's ''Agaricus denudatus''〔 (both published in 1783), but these are illegitimate names as Schäffer's earlier 1774 name has priority.〔
In 1949, Murrill described the variety ''flaviceps'' from collections made growing on magnolia wood in Gainesville, Florida. Although he originally described it as a new species, ''Volvaria flaviceps'',〔 Robert Shaffer considered it a variety of ''V. bombycina''.〔 Variety ''microspora'' was first described in 1953, was later (1961) named by R.W.G. Dennis;〔 variety ''palmicola'' was originally described as a distinct species ''Volvaria palmicola'' by Belgian mycologist Maurice Beely in 1928,〔 and later as a variety of ''V. bombycina'' by the same author in 1937.〔
The root for the generic name ''Volvariella'' (as well as ''Volvaria'' and ''Volvariopsis'', genera in which the species had been formerly placed) derives from the Latin ''volva'', meaning "wrapper" or "a covering".〔 The specific epithet ''bombycina'' derives from the Latin root ''bombyc'', or "silky".〔 Common names for the mushroom include the "silky sheath",〔 the "silky rosegill", the "silver-silk straw mushroom", or the "tree mushroom".〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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